piedra de sol

25 noviembre, 2020. The Aztec elite used this relationship with the cosmos and the bloodshed often associated with it to maintain control over the population, and the sun stone was a tool in which the ideology was visually manifested.[13]. [6] There are no clear indications about the authorship or purpose of the monolith, although there are certain references to the construction of a huge block of stone by the Mexicas in their last stage of splendor. Richard Townsend proposed a different theory, claiming that the figure at the center of the stone represents Tlaltecuhtli, the Mexica earth deity who features in Mexica creation myths. The Stone of Tizoc is currently located in the National Anthropology Museum in the same gallery as the Aztec Sun Stone. It was praised as a "magnificent" example of surrealist poetry in the presentation speech of his Nobel Prize. The first six lines of the poem are repeated again at the end of the poem. Asimismo, la heliolita es recomendada para eliminar la depresión, ya que ayuda a cortar los vínculos y aportar un sentimiento de independencia a quien la usa, ayudándole a evolucionar. Piedra Del Sol in San Diego is ready to be your home. "The Trouble with (The Term) Art.". By referring to it as a "sculpture"[33] and by displaying it vertically on the wall instead of placed horizontally how it was originally used,[20] the monument is defined within the Western perspective and therefore loses its cultural significance. Before the discovery of the monolith of Tlaltecuhtli, deity of the earth, with measurements being 4 by 3.57 meters high, it was thought that the sun stone was the largest Mexica monolith in dimensions. The first concentric zone or ring contains the signs corresponding to the 20 days of the 18 months and five nemontemi of the Aztec solar calendar (Nahuatl: xiuhpohualli). Piedra del Sol (literally, "rock of the sun") is a large boulder not far from the visitor center at Chaco Canyon. Dúos 2006 Espliego - Nunca Fuera Caballero 2005 Nesta Esquina Do Tempo / En Esta Esquina … These elements ground the Stone's iconography in history rather than myth and the legitimacy of the state in the cosmos. In the case of the then so-called Plaza Mayor, sewers were built, the floor was leveled and areas were remodeled. Another debate sparked by the influence of the Western perspective over non-Western cultures surrounds the study and presentation of cultural objects as art objects. PIEDRA DE SOL . [35], "Sun stone" redirects here. A deep practice shares the qualities of this impassioned poem. The rationale behind the bloodshed and sacrifice conducted by the Aztec was supported by religious and militant purposes, but the Spanish were horrified by what they saw, and the published accounts twisted the perception of the Aztecs into bloodthirsty, barbaric, and inferior people. The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan was covered by the construction of Mexico City, and the monument was lost for centuries until it was unearthed in 1790. Sun stone. [28], The state religion included a vast canon of deities that were involved in the constant cycles of death and rebirth. Pecked into this boulder is a petroglyph in the shape of concentric circles, a symbol thought to represent the sun. This page is dedicated to the poet and his work. Mills, K., W. B. Taylor & S. L. Graham (eds. [11] León y Gama defended in his writings the artistic character of the stone, in competition with arguments of authors like Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, who gave lesser value to those born in the American continent, including their artistic talent. They are characterized by the flames emerging from their bodies, the square shaped segments that make up their bodies, the points that form their tails, and their unusual heads and mouths. [21] Modern archaeologists, such as those at the National Anthropology Museum in Mexico City, believe it is more likely to have been used primarily as a ceremonial basin or ritual altar for gladiatorial sacrifices, than as an astrological or astronomical reference. He posits, for example, that 7 Monkey represents the significant day for the cult of a community within Tenochtitlan. [24], Another aspect of the stone is its religious significance. This community has a unique selection of amenities and features like a clubhouse, dining rooms, and maid service. The Sun Stone served as a visual reminder of the Empire's strength as a monumental object in the heart of the city and as a ritualistic object used in relation to the cosmic cycles and terrestrial power struggles.[29]. Different parts of the sun stone are represented on the current Mexican coins, each denomination has a different section. [20], In the upper part of this zone, a square carved between the tails of the serpents represents the date Matlactli Omey-Ácatl ("13-reed"). The order is as follows: 1. cipactli – crocodile, 2. ehécatl – wind, 3. calli – house, 4. cuetzpallin – lizard, 5. cóatl – serpent, 6. miquiztli – skull/death, 7. mázatl – deer, 8. tochtli – rabbit, 9. atl – water, 10. itzcuintli – dog, 11. ozomatli – monkey, 12. malinalli – herb, 13. ácatl – cane, 14. océlotl – jaguar, 15. cuauhtli – eagle, 16. cozcacuauhtli – vulture, 17. ollín – movement, 18. técpatl – flint, 19. quiahuitl – rain, 20. xóchitl – flower [19]. La gema también ayud… The duration of the ages is expressed in years, although they must be observed through the prism of Aztec time. [16] Each era ended with the destruction of the world and humanity, which were then recreated in the next era. Hassig, Ross. La piedra del Sol, llamada Calendario Azteca, piedra conmemorativa del transcurrir del tiempo entre los mexicas Directly above these square sections are small arches are said to be feather ornaments. Directly above these are spurs or peaked arches that appear in groups of four. It was probably dragged by thousands of people from a maximum of 22 kilometers to the center of Mexico-Tenochtitlan. is the Noble Phantasm and trump card of Quetzalcoatl. Los aumentos son: +10% de velocidad de ataque cuerpo a cuerpo. The public description by the National Anthropology Museum assigns the face to the fire god. Piedra del Sol, (apartment number) 5600 Hardy Ave San Diego, CA 92115 Contact Residence Hall Coordinator Calvilyn Hooper. Claiming something as art often elevates the object in the viewer's mind, but then the object is only valued for its aesthetic purposes, and its historical and cultural importance is depleted. It was José Damián Ortiz de Castro, the architect overseeing public works, who reported the finding of the sun stone on 17 December 1790. The four squares that surround the central deity represent the four previous suns or eras, which preceded the present era, "Four Movement" (Nahuatl: Nahui Ōllin). [35] It bears some similarities to the Coronation Stone of Moctezuma II, listed in the next section. The name Sunstone is inspired by the 1957 poem "Piedra de Sol" written by the Nobel Prize winning writer Octavio Paz. Nobel laureate Octavio Paz's premier long poem Sunstone/Piedra de Sol is here presented as a separate volume, with beautiful illustrations from an eighteenth-century treatise on the Mexican calendar. The lived history was marked by violence and the conquering of native groups, and their mythic history was used to legitimize their conquests and the establishment of the capital Tenochtitlan. [4] Early scholars initially thought that the stone was carved in the 1470s, though modern research suggests that it was carved some time between 1502 and 1521. which gave evidence that the stone was indeed pigmented with bright blue, red, green, and yellow colors, just as many other Aztec sculptures have been found to have been as well. See search results for this author. [19] It was generally established that the four symbols included in the Ollin glyph represent the four past suns that the Mexica believed the earth had passed through. [3] Following its rediscovery, the sun stone was mounted on an exterior wall of the cathedral, where it remained until 1885. In, Klein, Cecelia F. "The Identity of the Central Deity on the Aztec Calendar. Fauvet-Berthelot, Marie-France and Leonardo López Luján. The Stone of Tizoc's upward-facing side contains a calendrical depiction similar to that of the subject of this page. , en la piedra del Sol Quizá de todas las esculturas de Anáhuac la más conocida es el monolito que se conoce como el Calendario Azteca. The Coronation Stone of Moctezuma II (also known as the Stone of the Five Suns) is a sculpture measuring 55.9 x 66 x 22.9 cm (22 x 26 x 9 in[39]), currently in the possession of the Art Institute of Chicago. [19], The edge of the stone measures approximately 8 inches and contains a band of a series of dots as well as what have been said to be flint knives. In fact the common thread of figures 676, 364 and 312 is that they are multiples of 52, and 52 years is the duration of one Aztec "century", and that is how they can express a certain amount of Aztec centuries. For the gemstone, see, This ritual object bears Sun Stone motifs. [8] Through documents from the time, it is known of the popular animosity that caused the "confinement" of a public reference of the city.[8]. México: Imprenta del Gobierno Federal. Both of these men incorrectly believed the stone to have been vertically positioned, but it was not until 1875 that Alfredo Chavero correctly wrote that the proper position for the stone was horizontal. El significado de la piedra citrino es también emanar alegría y buenos sentimie… 313 likes. Es ideal para aquellos que suelen ser olvidadizos, ya que esta piedra puede ayudar a superar estas tendencias al aumentar la concentración. This area has been interpreted as representing a starry night sky. "Reinterpreting Aztec Perspectives." Although the object was being publicly honored, placing it in the shadow of a Catholic institution for nearly a century sent a message to some people that the Spanish would continue to dominate over the remnants of Aztec culture.[32]. Are you an … [21] Alexander von Humboldt also wanted to pass on his interpretation in 1803, after reading Leon y Gama's work. It was praised as a "magnificent" example of surrealist poetry in the presentation speech of his Nobel Prize . Ubicado en la mágica Ruta del Arte, Queso y Vino, el resort Piedras de Sol Tequisquiapan es el sitio de entretenimiento ideal para toda la familia y amigos que buscan desconectar del mundo y conectar con la naturaleza. The poem has 584 lines corresponding to this 584-day period. Piedra de Sol (Lecturas de Poesia) (Spanish Edition) (Spanish) Paperback – September 1, 1998 by Octavio Paz (Author) › Visit Amazon's Octavio Paz Page. [19], From the moment the Sun Stone was discovered in 1790, many scholars have worked at making sense of the stone's complexity. Aquí podrás encontrar todos los libros de todas las editoriales y de todos esos autores que te encantan "Accesorios para toda ocasión" [9] The geologist Ezequiel Ordóñez in 1893 determined such an origin and ruled it as olivine basalt. The state-sponsored monument linked aspects of Aztec ideology such as the importance of violence and warfare, the cosmic cycles, and the nature of the relationship between gods and man. Tiene un brillo espectacular. In addition to its tremendous aesthetic value, the Sun Stone abounds in symbolism and elements that continue to inspire researchers to search deeper for the meaning of this singular monument. This page was last edited on 9 February 2021, at 18:21. [28] Human sacrifice was not only used in religious context; additionally, sacrifice was used as a military tactic to frighten Aztec enemies and remind those already under their control what might happen if they opposed the Empire. Drop by to check current floorplan availability. ", López Austin, Alfredo and Leonardo López Luján. [23] He correctly identified that some of the glyphs on the stone are the glyphs for the days of the month. The monument is on display at the National Museum of Anthropology alongside the Aztec Sun Stone and the Stone of Tizoc. The earliest interpretations of the stone relate to what early scholars believed was its use for astrology, chronology, or as a sundial. [33] The Sun Stone was not made as an art object; it was a tool of the Aztec Empire used in ritual practices and as a political tool. +10% de daño (incluye súbditos). The inner circles may express space as well as time. A translation into English by Eliot Weinberger was published in 1987 as part of the collection The Collected Poems of Octavio Paz, 1957–1987. Audio. 1. Two fire serpents, Xiuhcoatl, take up almost this entire zone. "Piedra de Sol" ("Sunstone") is a poem by Octavio Paz, written in 1957. por Pedro Teixeira. dormí sueños de piedra que no sueña y al cabo de los años como piedras oí cantar mi sangre encarcelada, con un rumor de luz el mar cantaba, una a una cedían las murallas, todas las puertas se desmoronaban y el sol entraba a saco por mi frente, despegaba mis párpados cerrados, desprendía mi ser de su envoltura, This community has a unique selection of amenities and features like a clubhouse, dining rooms, and maid service. ""El adiós y triste queja del Gran Calendario Azteca": el incesante peregrinar de la Piedra del Sol.". Octavio Paz. Scholars have tried to identify these profiles of human heads as deities, but have not come to a consensus. K. Mills, W. B. Taylor & S. L. Graham (eds), National Museum of Anthropology and History, Eusebio Davalos Hurtado Museum of Mexica Sculpture, "National Anthropology Museum, Mexico City, "Sun Stone, "El adiós y triste queja del gran Calendario Azteca", "Calendario Azteca: un ensayo arqueológico", http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/51311.html, http://b01.deliver.odai.yale.edu/03/6b/036bd439-4bb3-479d-b746-3a9fe80a3df9/ANT019231-large.jpg, http://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-ANT-019231, https://www.artic.edu/artworks/75644/coronation-stone-of-motecuhzoma-ii-stone-of-the-five-suns, The Stone of the Sun and the First Chapter of Mexican History, written by Enrique Juan Palacios (1920), translated by Frederick Starr, Mysteries of the Fifth Sun: The Aztec Calendar, Library of Congress digital edition of Leon y Gama's 1792 work on the Calendar Stone, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aztec_sun_stone&oldid=1005844365, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles containing Classical Nahuatl-language text, Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The top right square represents "Four Jaguar" (, The bottom left square shows "Four Rain" (, The bottom right square represents "Four Water" (, Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. "Huitzilopotchli's Conquest: Aztec Ideology in the Archaeological Record. [27], The methods of Aztec rule were influenced by the story of their Mexica ancestry, who were migrants to the Mexican territory. Puede decirse que hace evolucionar a Pokémon que están activos … The four points may relate to the four corners of the earth or the cardinal points. "La Piedra del Sol ¿en París?". Piedra De Sol = Sunstone, Octavio Paz. The side surface is split into two bands, the lower of which represents Venus with knives for eyes; the upper band has two rows of citlallo star icons.[35]. This debate on the identity of the central figure is based on representations of the deities in other works as well as the role of the sun stone in sacrificial context, which involved the actions of deities and humans to preserve the cycles of time. In 1792, two years after the stone's unearthing, Mexican scholar Antonio de León y Gama wrote one of the first treatises on Mexican archaeology on the Aztec calendar and Coatlicue. “Aztec Human Sacrifice.” In, López Luján, Leonardo. "The Structure of Aztec History. "[39], The Throne of Montezuma uses the same cardinal point iconography[40] as part of a larger whole. This is said to correspond to 1479, the year in which the Fifth Sun emerged in Teotihuacan during the reign of Axayácatl, and at the same time, indicating the year in which this monolithic sun stone was carved. [26] Townsend argues for this idea, claiming that the small glyphs of additional dates amongst the four previous suns—1 Flint (Tecpatl), 1 Rain (Atl), and 7 Monkey (Ozomahtli)—represent matters of historical importance to the Mexica state. [8] Mexican sources alleged that during the Mexican–American War, soldiers of the United States Army who occupied the plaza used it for target shooting, though there is no evidence of such damage to the sculpture. It has been suggested that these dates may have had both historical and cosmic significance, and that the diadem may form part of the name of the Mexica ruler, Moctezuma II.[17]. Carolyn Dean, a scholar of pre-Hispanic and Spanish colonial culture discusses the concept of “art by appropriation,” which displays and discusses cultural objects within the Western understanding of art. Octavio Paz PIEDRA DE SOL. Ordóñez, Esequiel (1893). Era dedicada al Dios Helio por el pueblo griego, pues creían que ella tenía el poder … A similar object is on display at the Yale University Art Gallery, on loan from the Peabody Museum of Natural History. Front Desk 619-594-3205 Instagram @PdsSDSU [20] The reemergence of the Sun Stone sparked a renewed interest in Aztec culture, but since the Western culture now had hundreds of years of influence over the Mexican landscape, the public display of the monument next to the city's main cathedral sparked controversy. Drop by to check current floorplan availability. The Aztecs changed the order of the suns and introduced a fifth sun named "Four Movement" after they seized power over the central highlands. La piedra citrina tiene fuertes poderes de estimulación de los chakras del corazón, coronal y plexo solar, siendo, por lo tanto, una verdadera planta de energía para el cuerpo de la persona que la carga. The sun stone image is displayed on the obverse the Mexican 20 Peso gold coin, which has a gold content of 15 grams (0.4823 troy ounces) and was minted from 1917 to 1921 and restruck with the date 1959 from the mid 1940s to the late 1970s. Plaza Mayor of Mexico City by Pedro Guridi (c.1850) shows the sun disk attached to the side of the cathedral tower, it was placed there in 1790 when it was discovered and remained on the tower until 1885, The Swiss artist Johann Salomon Hegi painted the famous Paseo de las Cadenas in 1851, the sun stone is distinguishable below and to the right of the ash tree foliage, Image of the stone in the Metropolitan Cathedral, The Stone of the Sun as it was exhibited in the National Museum, photograph taken in 1915, Photograph from 1910 of the sun stone with (then president) Porfirio Díaz, Photograph from 1917 of the Piedra del Sol with (then president) Venustiano Carranza, The sculpted motifs that cover the surface of the stone refer to central components of the Mexica cosmogony. Villela, Khristaan D., and Mary Ellen Miller (eds.). Because the gods sacrificed themselves for humanity, humans had an understanding that they should sacrifice themselves to the gods in return. [8], The parent rock from which it was extracted comes from the Xitle volcano, and could have been obtained from San Ángel or Xochimilco. Con un viñedo, alberca, fábrica de cerveza, hotel boutique y restaurante/pool-bar, te garantizamos una experiencia sin igual. One theory is that the face at the center of the stone represents Tonatiuh, the Aztec deity of the sun. The center depicts the sun deity Tonatiuh with the tongue sticking out. The British Museum possesses a cuauhxicalli which may depict the tension between two opposites, the power of the sun (represented by the solar face) and the power of the moon (represented with lunar iconography on the rear of the object). Find all the books, read about the author, and more. The current display and discussion surrounding the Sun Stone is part of a greater debate on how to decolonize non-Western material culture. [11] León y Gama argued that in countries like Italy there was much that was invested in rescuing and publicly showcasing monuments of the past. [2] Shortly after the Spanish conquest, the monolithic sculpture was buried in the Zócalo, the main square of Mexico City. [35] Another object, the Ceremonial Seat of Fire which belongs to the Eusebio Davalos Hurtado Museum of Mexica Sculpture,[35] is visually similar but omits the central Ollin image in favor of the Sun. Mexican psychedelic-folk group Monocordio used the "to love is to battle" lines to inspire one of their songs. In. The local timezone is named America / Panama with an UTC offset of -5 hours. Presented in Eliot Weinberger's excellent new translation with the Spanish texts en face , this is the 1957 poem "that definitively established Paz as a major international figure" ( … It may have been intended to show Tenochtitlan as the center of the world and therefore, as the center of authority. ", Umberger, Emily. pp. Piedra de Sol. Thus, 676 years are 13 Aztec centuries; 364 years are 7, and 312 years are 6 Aztec centuries. Go let your fanboy or fangirl go wild. Matos Moctezuma has proposed that the Aztec Sun Stone might also be one of these.[34]. [30], After the conquest of the Aztec Empire by the Spanish in 1521 and the subsequent colonization of the territory, the prominence of the Mesoamerican empire was placed under harsh scrutiny by the Spanish. La piedra de sol es un accesorio del modo difícil dejado por el Gólem con una probabilidad de 12.5% (1 entre 8). Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo, and Felipe Solís. Piedra de Sol es, en este sentido, una continuación de los poemas de 1939 y a la idea despertar como renacer, y así se aprecia al final del poema, cuando Yo suplica a la Diosa: “despiértame, ya nazco”. It bears similar hieroglyphic inscriptions to the Aztec Sun Stone, with 4-Movement at the center surrounded by 4-Jaguar, 4-Wind, 4-Rain, and 4-Water, all of which represent one of the five suns, or "cosmic eras". [18] Beginning at the symbol just left of the large point in the previous zone, these symbols are read counterclockwise. Towards the end of the 18th century, the viceroy Juan Vicente de Güemes initiated a series of urban reforms in the capital of New Spain. We know of 9 airports close to Piedra de Sol, of which one is a larger airport. La Piedra del Sol es muy buena para el reconocimiento de la autoestima e indicada para el éxito. Some scholars have argued that the identity of the central face is of the earth monster, Tlaltecuhtli, or of a hybrid deity known as "Yohualtecuhtli" who is referred to as the "Lord of the Night". 326-331. It is a circular poem based on the circular Aztec calendar, and consists of a single cyclical sentence reflecting the synodic period of the planet Venus. ", Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. and John K. Millhauser. Current time in Piedra de Sol is now 01:02 PM (Wednesday). La roca del Calendario Azteca (Primera Edición edición). León y Gama himself interceded before the canon of the cathedral, José Uribe, in order that the monolith found would not be buried again due to its perceived pagan origin (for which it had been buried almost two centuries before). In the center of the monolith is often believed to be the face of the solar deity, Tonatiuh,[14] which appears inside the glyph for "movement" (Nahuatl: Ōllin), the name of the current era. It is for this reason that the stone became known as the "Sun Stone." "Art and Imperial Strategy in Tenochtitlan." [19] There are also eight angles that divide the stone into eight parts, which likely represent the sun's rays placed in the direction of the cardinal points. Piedra Del Sol in San Diego is ready to be your home. [1] It measures 358 centimetres (141 in) in diameter and 98 centimetres (39 in) thick, and weighs 24,590 kg (54,210 lb). ), Umberger, Emily. [12], In August 1855, the stone was transferred to the Monolith Gallery of the Archaeological Museum on Moneda Street, on the initiative of Jesús Sánchez, director of the same. The compass motif with Ollin can be found in stone altars built for the New Fire ceremony. 22 julio, 2020. También funciona como un escudo energético capaz de neutralizar las energías negativas (incluso antiguas) y proporcionar una plena intuición para que podamos defendernos adecuadamente. The year sign 11-Reed in the lower middle places the creation of this sculpture in 1503, the year of Motecuhzoma II's coronation, while 1-Crocodile, the day in the upper middle, may indicate the day of the ceremony. The monument is not a functioning calendar, but instead uses the calendrical glyphs to reference the cyclical concepts of time and its relationship to the cosmic conflicts within the Aztec ideology. Piedra de sol Resources Websites. Piedra del sol. Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piedra_de_Sol&oldid=1004485467, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 2 February 2021, at 20:48. [35], The Philadelphia Museum of Art has another,. Significado de los símbolos de la Piedra del Sol Primer círculo (Quinto Sol) Segundo círculo (los cuatro soles o eras) Tercer círculo (días del mes) Cuarto círculo (ciclos venusinos) Quinto, sexto y séptimo círculo Octavo círculo (dualidad) As the Aztecs grew in power, the state needed to find ways to maintain order and control over the conquered peoples, and they used religion and violence to accomplish the task. Un sauce de cristal, un chopo de agua, un alto surtidor que el viento arquea, un árbol bien plantado mas danzante, un caminar de río que se curva, avanza, retrocede, da un rodeo y llega siempre: un caminar tranquilo de estrella o primavera sin premura, [4], Yet another characteristic of the stone is its possible geographic significance. Piedra de Sol 11 Songs More by Luis Pastor. Al tenerlo equipado aumenta las estadísticas del jugador únicamente durante el día. There it was observed by, among others, Alexander von Humboldt, who made several studies on its iconography. Most of them were found underneath the center of Mexico City, while others are of unknown origin. It was rediscovered on 17 December 1790 during repairs on the Mexico City Cathedral. Piedra de Sol in Provincia de Veraguas is located in Panama about 123 mi (or 198 km) south-west of Panama, the country's capital town. Everything you ever... Video. Piedra de Sol is the scent of Easter morning in an Italian duomo. Many fall under a category known as temalacatl, large stones built for ritual combat and sacrifice. One of them was the construction of new streets and the improvement of parts of the city, through the introduction of drains and sidewalks. The Sun Stone's discovery near the Templo Mayor in the capital connects it to sacred rituals such as the New Fire ceremony, which was conducted to ensure the earth's survival for another 52-year cycle, and human heart sacrifice played an important role in preserving these cosmic cycles. [15] The central figure is shown holding a human heart in each of his clawed hands, and his tongue is represented by a stone sacrificial knife (Tecpatl). When the gods made the sun and the earth, they sacrificed themselves in order for the cycles of the sun to continue, and therefore for life to continue. Umberger, Emily. The Stone of Motecuhzoma I is a massive object approximately 12 feet in diameter and 3 feet high with the 8 pointed compass iconography. "The Structure of Aztec History". Schedule a time to view the available floorplans. At the very bottom of the surface of the stone, are human heads emerging from the mouths of these serpents. The monolith was found half a yard (about 40 centimeters) under the ground surface and 60 meters to the west of the second door of the viceregal palace,[8] and removed from the earth with a "real rigging with double pulley". [31] The words and actions of the Spanish, such as the destruction, removal, or burial of Aztec objects like the Sun Stone supported this message of inferiority, which still has an impact today. This provides a long history of over 200 years of archaeologists, scholars, and historians adding to the interpretation of the stone. The state was then exploiting the sacredness of the practice to serve its own ideological intentions. The monument was discovered in 1831 underneath the National Palace[41] in Mexico City and is approximately 1 meter square at the base and 1.23 meters tall. [8] Victorious General Winfield Scott contemplated taking it back to Washington D.C. as a war trophy, if the Mexicans did not make peace. Although the exact date of its creation is unknown, the name glyph of the Aztec ruler Moctezuma IIin the central disc dates the monument to his reign between 1502 and 1520 AD. He disagreed about the material of the stone but generally agreed with Leon y Gama's interpretation. un sauce de cristal, un chopo de agua, un alto surtidor que el viento arquea, un árbol bien plantado mas danzante, un caminar de río que se curva, avanza, retrocede, da un rodeo y llega siempre: un caminar tranquilo de estrella o primavera sin premura, agua que con los párpados cerrados mana toda la noche profecías, unánime … "Piedra de Sol" ("Sunstone") is a poem by Octavio Paz, written in 1957. "Representing Tenochtitlan: Understanding Urban Life by Collecting Material Culture.

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